Making an investment to reduce the risk of adverse price movements in an asset. In order to hedge against the downside risk, you purchase a put option on the same stock. Normally, a hedge consists of taking an offsetting position in a related security, such as a futures contract.
Then if the price of the stock. 由于风险因子多于可交易风险资产,市场不完整 (incomplete market),无法完美对冲。 m个泊松过程的jump model本质跟merton jump model是一样的。一种思路是选择让hedging p&l的variance最小来hedge,也就是基于效用最大化的quadratic hedging。 但由于没有风险中性测度,无法摆脱underlying的真实drift,这个drift也将存在于. Operational hedging又叫operational techniques,并不是用合约来进行风险对冲而是用各种操作技巧进行的非合约型避险。 种类有choice of the invoice currency, leading and lagging, exposure netting, reinforce center.
For example, you are long a certain stock. 我是这么理解的: fair value hedge规避的是价格风险,就是这个hedge的价值是取决于标的价格。比如买入买权的价值是取决于标的价格的,价格越高 期权 价值越大。 cash flow hedge规避的是现金流风险,就是 hedge 的价值是取决于现金流。比如利率互换,未来现金流出的多hedge价值就下降,现金流入的多hedge.